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Elastic-plastic finite-element methods were used to model the tests. Because of stress/strain nonproportionality associated with local unloading due to crack growth, attention was focused on crack-tip integral parameters, such as Tp* and , that remain path independent under these conditions. However, an engineering J-estimation scheme also was employed in attempting to predict the load-carrying capacity of the welded pipe with a circumferential through-wall crack under bending.
Crack Para Gta Eflc Indir
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